TINKER HISTORY: McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II

The McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II is the most significant fighter aircraft of the 20th Century. First flown on May 27, 1958, the Phantom II entered service with the Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force. The Air Force’s initial version was the F-4C which first flew in 1963. For the most part, this article will focus on the versions operated by the Air Force, Air National Guard and Air Force Reserves.

The F-4 has two cockpits in tandem for a pilot in the front seat and radar/navigator or weapon system officer in the back. The highly-swept, low-wing design has dihedral outer wing panels (up-turned) offset by horizontal stabilizers with an anhedral (down-turned) angle. The jet sits on tricycle landing gear and has large air intakes for the jet engines with air controlled by variable-ramps at the intakes leading edge. For a fighter, the F-4 is a massive, heavy-weight hitter with a maximum take-off weight of 61,795 pounds.

The mach-two plus capable aircraft was originally designed as a Navy carrier-borne fighter/bomber and all version of the Phantom II have a robust tail hook between the engine nozzles, under the tail. The folding outer wing panels suited it well to carrier operations with the Navy and Marine Corps and in revetments with all services when conducting land-based operations during the Vietnam War.

Tinker played an important role in the sustainability of Air Force F-4s from the start through J79 engine maintenance and overhaul between Aug. 1966 and Sept. 1993. There was also a short period of time, July 1970 to June 1972, when some depot level maintenance, overhaul and upgrades/modification were conducted as 101 F-4s passed through the Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center. The work at OC-ALC helped boost Air Force F-4 overhaul production numbers as F-4s were heavily involved in combat operations in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. Work soon shifted back to the Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill AFB, Utah or to in-theatre centers such as Clark Air Base, Philippines.

The F-4 was intentionally designed without an on-board cannon for use in air-to-air combat or air-to-ground strafing. Aerial guns were standard equipment on previous generations of fighters, but was considered unnecessary based upon the notion that future air-to-air combat would be conducted using air-to-air missiles exclusively. Early versions of USAF F-4Cs, and later F-4Ds, operated in-combat were able to score many air-to-air kills against North Vietnamese MiGs using AIM-9 ‘Sidewinder’ and AIM-7 ‘Sparrow’ air-to-air missiles. Sidewinders were used for close-range engagements while Sparrow missiles had a longer-range, but both were slowly being refined at the time and it was still a necessity to have an on-board cannon as many MiG engagements took place in what is considered close-in combat. With the addition of a larger, more powerful radar in the nose the next version became the F-4D of which 825 were built. Beginning in 1967 a M61A1 Vulcan Gatling gun/cannon was added under the nose of Air Force F-4s to make the penultimate F-4E ‘Gunfighter.’

At the same time F-4C aircraft were rolling off the McDonnell Douglas production line in St. Louis, beginning in 1963 a version of the same basic airframe optimized for the tactical reconnaissance role were also being produced as the RF-4C. The RF-4C had a slightly longer, sleeker nose fitted with a smaller radar in the front cone and a camera bay with four film-based cameras operated by the navigator to give horizon-to-horizon, forward view and right/left oblique coverage. RF-4Cs were critical during the Vietnam War and later during Desert Shield/Storm in locating targets while operating ‘unarmed and unafraid.’ There were 583 F-4Cs and 505 RF-4Cs purchased by the USAF.

F-4Es had improved performance engines and leading edge slats were introduced as standard configuration on later E-models to increase the maneuverability and stability of the aircraft at slower speeds during ground-attack profiles and air combat maneuvering. Some F-4Es were fitted with, at the time, sophisticated electro/optical systems in the leading edge of the right wing for improved precision strike capability.           

With the removal of the F-4Es M61A1 cannon from the nose, the guns’ weight was replaced with electronic-countermeasures systems while using the same aerodynamic fairings found only on F-4Es. This sophisticated equipment was used to detect and track enemy air-defense systems as 116 F-4Es were converted to the final version of the F-4 operated by the USAF, the F-4G Wild Weasel Suppression of Enemy Air Defense aircraft. The stress of employing a heavy-weight fighter such as the F-4 was multiplied many times over as F-4G SEAD crews played the ultimate game of chicken by searching for and attacking enemy radars through their radiating energy. These radars emitted fed information to surface-to-air missiles which could shoot down not only the F-4Gs, other aircraft the Wild Weasels were protecting. The goal was to get the surface-to-air missile sites to power-up and track the F-4G or other aircraft long enough to allow the jet to jam the electronic signals or employ high-speed anti-radiation missile(s) to destroy the emitter or entire system. F-4Gs took over this dangerous mission from the storied F-105G Wild Weasels, which pioneered the technique.

The U.S. military’s last aces, pilots or crewmembers credited with five or more kills, were produced flying the F-4 Phantom II. Over 100 enemy MiGs were shot down during the Vietnam War with ace status attained by Air Force and Navy pilots or crewmembers. Additionally, the F-4 is the only aircraft operated both by the Navy Demonstration Team, Blue Angels, and their Air Force counterparts, The Thunderbirds.       

The Air Force accepted 2,693 F-4s between1963-1976. Largely replaced in front-line operational use by the F-16 Fighting Falcon by the late 1980s and early 1990s, the F-4s still soldiered on with the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserves. The bulk of reconnaissance assets during Operations Desert Shield/Storm came RF-4C deployed or flown by the Alabama and Nevada ANG. F-4G Wild Weasel jets from the active-duty 52^nd Tactical Fighter Wing also conducted combat missions over Iraq and Kuwait in outstanding fashion by cementing the lethality of the G-model in actual combat operations.